Culture, it is often said, is a realm of leisurely enjoyment and intellectual gratification. Its creators are attuned to higher powers and strange frequencies, their products the earthly manifestations of supernatural inspiration. But this romantic understanding of cultural production occludes its historical and material preconditions. This occlusion is no accident. Divesting a cultural work of its context broadens its market appeal: the work becomes pure object, a blank slate upon which an individual consumer can inscribe their personal desires. A cultural work devoid of history or context is similarly devoid of any obligation – financial, political, or social – to the people who first created or cultivated it.
This piece of music reproduces, in microcosm, the way in which the neoliberal culture industry appropriates and estranges cultural work from its origins.
First, six recordings (each indigenous to a different continent) were selected from public domain or Creative Commons-licensed sources online, to become the individual elements of a new musical work. These elements were converted to high-resolution audio files and loaded into Apple’s Logic Pro digital audio workstation. Spectral analysis (using iZotope’s RX 5 Audio Editor) revealed a number of pitches in common among elements, determining that the project would be in the key of F (Lydian mode). Each element was then treated with pitch-shifting software to cohere with the F Lydian mode. The tempo of a percussion sample – used to create the song’s drumbeat – was found to be approximately 88 beats-per-minute (bpm). Each element was then time-stretched or -compressed, using Logic Pro’s Flex Time algorithm, to synchronize with this tempo. Finally, every individual element was further treated with various effects, to perform a particular role within the project (e.g. bass line, percussion, etc.).
The result is a piece of music, presented as an “original” work, which is in fact a product of cultural plunder and misrepresentation, composed of artificially homogenized elements. In the pursuit of a crowd-pleasing piece of music with contemporary appeal, the source material has been stripped of its originary context and disfigured beyond recognition via technological mediation.
Further mimicking hegemonic modes of cultural distribution and consumption, the audience is not prohibited from uncovering the work’s origins. Just as a fan may peruse album credits or Wikipedia entries about their favourite artist, so too can listeners find the full background information about each element of this piece of music: next to each speaker is a discreet card listing the original recording’s title, artist, online source address, and what specific transformations it underwent in Logic Pro. But the relative effort required to research and understand the full context of a cultural work’s origins will not be undertaken by a casual audience, for whom a contingent, glancing encounter with the work is a sufficient diversion.
The music is further transformed into an object of pure consumer desire by its presentation in surround sound. Engaging current music industry trends towards personalization, the surround sound environment allows listeners to “customize” their experience, “mixing” the music via relative distance to each speaker as they navigate the space. Immersive and interactive, the music in surround is a vehicle of individual pleasure, denuded of its history or prior significance.
The neoliberal cultural industry and technological mediation can erase context, history, identity, and Indigeneity with such speed and efficiency that it may go completely unnoticed.
Source Material Information
“Gada Song Cycle” (Burarra song cycle from Arnhem Land, Australia)
Artist: The Burarra clan of the Maningrida indigenous community
Accessed: http://www.manikay.com/albums/songsofarnhemland.shtml (Oct. 19, 2016)
Editing: Percussion sampled from full recording
Signal Path: FabFilter Pro-Q2 equalizer; Waves SoundShifter pitch shifter; iZotope Trash 2 multiband distortion
“al-Fatihah” (First sura of the Holy Quran)
Artist: Hafes Guna
Accessed: https://archive.org/details/alsaltani-hafs-ghonnh--quran-mp3 (Oct. 19, 2016)
Editing: Individual phrases cut and pasted according to compositional structure
Signal Path: iZotope RX5 De-reverb; iZotope VocalSynth pitch correction and vocoder; Waves LoAir sub-bass generator
“Kora” (Collection of music played on the Kora, a Malian lute)
Artist: Toumani Diabate
Accessed: https://archive.org/details/Kora. (Oct. 19, 2016)
Editing: Individual phrases selected, copied, pasted, and time-stretched using Logic Pro’s Flex Time algorithm to match song tempo
Signal Path: FabFilter Pro-Q2 equalizer; Native Instruments Replika XT algorithmic reverb; FabFilter Pro-Q2 equalizer
“Kak Rodilysya Ne Byla” (Siberian wedding song)
Artist: Sibirskaya Vechora
Accessed: http://freemusicarchive.org/member/katya-oddio/Slavic_Girls_in_Dissonant_Harmony (Oct. 19, 2016)
Editing: Entire recording looped to match song length
Signal Path: FabFilter Pro-Q2 equalizer; Native Instruments Reaktor Molekular multi-effect granular delay and stutter edit
“Improvisation: Fast Blues in A” (Delta blues guitar improvisation)
Artist: The Rev. Gary Davis
Accessed: http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Reverend_Gary_Davis/ (Oct. 20, 2016)
Editing: Time-stretched using Logic Pro’s Flex Time algorithm to match song tempo
Signal Path: FabFilter Pro-Q2 equalizer; u-He Uhbik-G granular pitch-shifter
“Triple Clay Flute” (Mayan flute improvisation)
Artist: Shotoyu
Accessed: https://archive.org/details/TripleClayFlute (Oct. 20, 2016)
Editing: Individual phrases selected, copied, pasted, and time-stretched using Logic Pro’s Flex Time algorithm to match song tempo
Signal Path: FabFilter Pro-Q2 equalizer; Waves SoundShifter pitch-shifter; Native Instruments Reaktor Molekular multi-effect stutter edit and comb filter
